SimpleGlass

Zafar

2005-04-05T21:35:00.000-07:00

Biblical Sephar , classical Sapphar , or Saphar ancient Arabian site located southwest of Yarim in southern Yemen. It was the capital of the Himyarites, a tribe that ruled much of southern Arabia from about 115 BC to about AD 525. Up until the Persian conquest (c. AD 575), Zafar was one of the most important and celebrated towns in southern Arabia—a fact attested to not only by Arab geographers and historians but also by Greek and Roman authors.

Henri Pittier National Park

2005-04-05T09:57:00.000-07:00

Also called Rancho Grande National Park, park in the Cordillera de la Costa, Aragua state, Venezuela, occupying an area of 350 sq mi (900 sq km) between Lago (lake) de Valencia and the Caribbean. It was established in 1937, largely through the efforts of Henri Pittier, a Venezuelan naturalist, who convinced his government that the destruction of mountain forests would create droughts in the Aragua Valley and hasten the drying

Leo Ix, Saint

2005-04-04T11:47:00.000-07:00

After their settlement in Sicily in the second decade of the 11th century, the Normans presented considerable dangers to the existence of the papal state. In their marauding expeditions they plundered and

'arish, Al-

2005-04-03T00:39:00.000-08:00

Known

Arévalo Martínez, Rafael

2005-04-02T23:01:00.000-08:00

Arévalo Martínez was director of the Guatemalan National Library from 1926 until 1946, when

Harai

2005-03-31T09:27:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Harae, Barai, or Barae, in Japanese religion, any of numerous Shinto purification ceremonies. Harai rites, and similar misogi exercises using water, cleanse the individual so that he may approach a deity or sacred power (kami). Salt, water, and fire are the principal purificatory agents. Many of the rites, such as bathing in cold water, are traditionally explained as the method used by Izanagi

Sinuiju

2005-03-31T07:51:00.000-08:00

City, northwestern North Korea. It was developed during the Japanese occupation (1910–45) at the Korean terminus of a railway bridge across the Yalu (Amnok) River, 7 miles (11 km) west of the old city of Uiju (Sinuiju meaning “New Uiju”). An open port, 25 miles (40 km) from the mouth of the Yalu River, it grew commercially with the lumber industry, which uses the river to transport the logs from inland forests.

Wu Zhen

2005-03-31T04:05:00.000-08:00

Wu, like others of the group, sought stylistic inspiration in the past (especially from Five Dynasties masters such as Juran),

Alaska, Tourism

2005-03-30T09:49:00.000-08:00

Alaska has had an upsurge of tourism. Travelers arrive mainly by air or sea and can now cover large areas by airplane and road. The influx is partly the result of the 500-passenger, 100-car ferries that operate as the Alaska Marine Highway. One ferry system connects Kodiak with mainland Seward and the Alaska Railroad, another links Cordova and Valdez, and a third serves panhandle

Esterhazy

2005-03-30T06:21:00.000-08:00

Town, southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada. It lies in the Qu'Appelle River valley, 132 miles (212 km) east of Regina. It is named after Count Paul Otto d'Esterházy (1830–1912), a French-Hungarian nobleman who promoted settlement in the area. Esterhazy is a marketing town for a mixed-farming (especially wheat) and stock-raising region and has flour-milling and dairying industries. Since 1962, however,

Bone Conduction

2005-03-28T08:20:00.000-08:00

The conduction of sound through the bones of the skull. Two types of bone conduction are recognized. In compressional bone conduction, high-pitched sounds cause the segments of the skull to vibrate individually. The vibrations, by compressing the bony case of the inner ear, stimulate the sensory cells that are involved in perceiving sound waves in the air. In inertial

France, History Of, The Vichy government

2005-03-28T08:10:00.000-08:00

Parliament met at Vichy on July 9–10 to consider France's future. The session was dominated by Pierre Laval, Pétain's vice premier, who was already emerging as the strongman of the government. Laval, convinced that Germany had won the war and would thenceforth control the Continent, saw it as his duty to adapt France to the new authoritarian age. By skillful manipulation,

Swanson, Gloria

2005-03-28T05:35:00.000-08:00

Swanson was the only child of a civilian official of the U.S. Army transport service, whose work during Swanson's childhood took the family to

Kidnapping

2005-03-26T23:13:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Kidnaping, criminal offense consisting of the unlawful taking and carrying away of a person by force or fraud or the unlawful seizure and detention of a person against his will. The principal motives for kidnapping are to subject the victim to some form of involuntary servitude, to expose him to the commission of some further criminal act against his person, or to obtain ransom

Hanks, Tom

2005-03-26T01:20:00.000-08:00

After a nomadic childhood, Hanks majored in drama at California State University and performed in summer stock

Arias Dávila, Pedro

2005-03-25T08:16:00.000-08:00

A soldier in his youth, Arias Dávila served with distinction in wars against the Moors in Granada in the 1490s and in North Africa in 1508–11. It is believed that he owed his appointment as captain

Greek Religion, The Classical period

2005-03-24T21:57:00.000-08:00

The Sophists, with their relentless probing of accepted values, continued the process. Little is known of the general

Carian Language

2005-03-24T07:03:00.000-08:00

Ancient language spoken in the southernmost area of western Anatolia. The language is known primarily from the more than 100 Carian graffiti that were left by Carian mercenaries who served in Egypt. Clay tablets and monumental inscriptions in the language have also been found in Caria since World War II. Carian appears to be written in an alphabetic script. Not enough

France, History Of, Louis XVIII, 181524

2005-03-23T11:28:00.000-08:00

King Louis XVIII's second return from exile was far from glorious. Neither the victorious powers nor Louis's French subjects viewed his restoration with much enthusiasm, yet there seemed to be no ready alternative to Bourbon rule. The allies avenged themselves for the Hundred Days by writing a new and more severe Treaty of Paris. France lost several frontier territories,

Bridgettine

2005-03-23T08:09:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Brigittine , member of Order of the Most Holy Savior (O.SS.S.) a religious order of cloistered nuns founded by St. Bridget of Sweden in 1344 and approved by Pope Urban V in 1370. Bridget believed that she was called by Christ to found a strictly disciplined religious order that would contribute to the reform of monastic life. She went to Rome to gain approval of her order and died there in 1373. Her foundation began to grow and contributed greatly

Mindbody Dualism

2005-03-22T22:07:00.000-08:00

The modern problem of the relationship of mind to body stems

Mercadante, Saverio

2005-03-22T10:08:00.000-08:00

Mercadante was born out of wedlock. He was taken

Switzerland, History

2005-03-21T21:26:00.000-08:00

Historical overviews are provided by Handbuch der schweizer Geschichte, 2 vol. (1972–77); Peter Dürrenmatt, Schweizer Geschichte (1957, reissued in 2 vol., 1976); Edgar Bonjour, H.S. Offler, and G.R. Potter, A Short History of Switzerland (1952, reprinted 1985); Georg Thürer, Free and Swiss: The Story of Switzerland (1970; originally published in German, 3rd ed., 1964); Marc-R. Sauter, Switzerland, from Earliest Times to the Roman Conquest (1976); and William Martin, Switzerland: From Roman Times to the Present (1971; originally published in French, 6th ed., 1966). Hektor Ammann and Karl Schib (eds.), Historischen Atlas der Schweiz, 2nd ed. (1958), is an excellent atlas of Swiss history.

Xavier, Saint Francis

2005-03-21T11:56:00.000-08:00

Xavier's eyes, however, were now fixed on a land reached only five years before by Europeans: Japan. His conversations in Malacca with Anjiro, a Japanese deeply interested in Christianity, had shown that this people was cultured and sophisticated, unlike the fishermen he had known in India or the headhunters of the Moluccas. On Aug. 15, 1549, a Portuguese ship bearing Francis,

Magnoliales

2005-03-20T00:06:00.000-08:00

Magnolia order of dicotyledonous flowering plants, a division of the subclass Magnoliidae. The order, which is generally regarded as including the most primitive angiosperms, contains 10 families, 181 genera, and about 3,050 species. All are woody shrubs, climbers, or trees. The families are Winteraceae, Degeneriaceae, Himantandraceae, Eupomatiaceae, Austrobaileyaceae, Magnoliaceae,

Caucasian Languages

2005-03-19T05:35:00.000-08:00

The North Caucasian languages are divided into two groups: Abkhazo-Adyghian, or the Northwest Caucasian, languages, and Nakho-Dagestanian, or the Northeast Caucasian, languages.

Wyandotte Constitution

2005-03-19T04:13:00.000-08:00

In the period immediately preceding the American Civil War, document under which Kansas was admitted to the Union as a free state (Jan. 29, 1861), concluding the struggle known as Bleeding Kansas. Drawn up at Wyandotte (now part of Kansas City) in July 1859, it rejected slavery and suffrage for women and blacks but affirmed property rights for women. The document was approved in a referendum

Cabrera Infante, Guillermo

2005-03-18T08:43:00.000-08:00

In the 1940s Cabrera Infante moved to Havana with his impoverished

Wage And Salary

2005-03-18T07:20:00.000-08:00

The purchasing-power theory of wages involves the relation between wages and employment and the business cycle and is not, therefore, a theory of wage determination. It stresses the importance of spending through consumption and investment as an influence upon the activity of the economy. The theory gained prominence during the Great Depression of the 1930s, when

Vientiane

2005-03-17T16:45:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Viangchan, largest city and capital of Laos, situated on a plain just northeast of the Mekong River. The city's central river port location in a country relying heavily on its rivers for transportation and its surrounding hinterland of intensive rice cultivation have made Vientiane the major economic centre of Laos. The city has a tropical monsoon climate, every month having

Barante, Amable-guillaume-prosper Brugière, Baron De

2005-03-17T10:29:00.000-08:00

Educated at the École Polytechnique

Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich

2005-03-16T15:52:00.000-08:00

Tsiolkovsky was from a family of modest

Cumali, Necati

2005-03-16T05:49:00.000-08:00

At the age of 18 Cumali began publishing poetry. After graduating from what is now Ankara (Turkey) University in 1941, he held a variety of jobs and practiced law from

Wells, David Ames

2005-03-15T11:44:00.000-08:00

A graduate of Williams College (1847), Wells later studied under Louis Agassiz at the

Tlaxcala

2005-03-15T02:48:00.000-08:00

In full Tlaxcala De Xicohténcatl, town, capital of Tlaxcala estado (“state”), east-central Mexico. It lies along the Zahuapan River at the northwest foot of La Malinche volcano, 7,388 feet (2,252 m) above sea level. The city lies in the region inhabited by the Tlaxcalan Indians, and the designation “de Xicohténcatl” commemorates a Tlaxcalan chieftain who vigorously opposed his people's aid to the Spanish conquistador

Olympic Games, Montreal, Canada, 1976

2005-03-14T18:26:00.000-08:00

Despite producing 32 new world records and a host of memorable performances, the 1976 Games drew more attention to the apparent problems of the Olympic movement. Twenty-six nations, mostly from Africa, chose to boycott the Games when the IOC denied their request to ban New Zealand, whose national rugby team had recently toured South Africa. Taiwan also boycotted, when Canada,

Bonds, Barry

2005-03-13T20:45:00.000-08:00

Bonds was born into a baseball family. His father, Bobby Bonds, was an outfielder for the San Francisco Giants. His cousin was baseball great Reggie

Utkal Plains

2005-03-13T07:24:00.000-08:00

Coastal plains in eastern Orissa state, eastern India. Extending over approximately 16,000 sq mi (41,400 sq km) and fronting the Bay of Bengal on the east, the plains are bounded by the Tamilnad Plain on the south, the Lower Ganges Plain on the north, and the Eastern Ghats on the west. The Utkal Plains are coastal lowlands consisting chiefly of Mahanadi Delta deposits and marine sediments,

Wolf, Rudolf

2005-03-13T01:47:00.000-08:00

Wolf studied at the universities of Zürich, Vienna, and Berlin and in 1839 went to the University of Bern as a teacher of mathematics and physics; he became professor of astronomy there in 1844. In 1855 he accepted a professorship of astronomy at both the University of Zürich and the Federal

Utkal Plains

2005-03-12T09:43:00.000-08:00

Electronic display device that operates by applying a varying electric voltage to a layer of liquid crystal, thereby inducing changes in its optical properties. LCDs are commonly used for portable electronic games, as viewfinders for digital cameras and camcorders, in video projection systems, for electronic billboards, as monitors for computers, and in flat-panel

Quin, James

2005-03-11T09:22:00.000-08:00

Quin made his first stage appearance at the Smock Alley Theatre, Dublin, in 1712. He was engaged for small parts at London's Drury Lane Theatre, where his remarkable memory enabled him to fill in at short notice as Bajazet in Nicholas Rowe's Tamerlane, in which he had great success.

Alwar

2005-03-11T09:08:00.000-08:00

Also spelled Alwur, city, northeastern Rajasthan state, northwestern India. The city is surrounded by a wall and moat and is dominated by a fort on a conical hill against a backdrop of a range of hills. Alwar was made the capital of Alwar princely state in 1775; it contains the 14th-century tomb of Tarang Sultan (the brother of Firuz Shah) and several ancient mosques. The palace, which adjoins a picturesque

Dye-transfer Process

2005-03-11T07:10:00.000-08:00

In photography, technique for preparing coloured photographic prints in which the colours of the subject are resolved by optical filters into three components, each of which is recorded on a separate gelatin negative. The three negatives are converted into relief positives in which the depth of the gelatin is related to the intensity of the colour component;

Coleman, Bessie

2005-03-10T03:38:00.000-08:00

One of 13 children, Coleman grew up in Waxahatchie, Texas, where her mathematical aptitude freed her from working in the cotton fields. She attended college in Langston, Oklahoma, briefly, then moved to Chicago, where she worked as a manicurist and restaurant

Næstved

2005-03-09T19:11:00.000-08:00

City, Storstrøm amtskommune (county commune), southern Sjælland (Zealand), Denmark, on the Suså River. Næstved originated around a Benedictine monastery, founded in 1135. The monks moved at the end of the 12th century, and the town developed as a market centre for southern Sjælland (chartered 1426). Chief among its medieval landmarks are Sankt Peder Church, the only survival of the

Aryballos

2005-03-09T15:01:00.000-08:00

Small, narrow-necked, spherical or globular Greek vase. Commonly used as a scent or oil bottle, particularly by athletes at the baths, the aryballos derives from the globular wine pourer (oinochoe) of the Geometric style (9th century BC), evolving its distinctive shape in the early Proto-Corinthian style (8th century BC). From the many aryballoi that have been found dating from

Permafrost, Ice wedges

2005-03-09T13:01:00.000-08:00

The most conspicuous and controversial type of ground ice in permafrost is that formed in large ice wedges or masses with parallel or subparallel foliation structures. Most foliated ice masses occur as wedge-shaped, vertical, or inclined sheets or dikes 2.5 centimetres to 3 metres wide and 0.3 to 9 metres high when viewed in transverse cross section. Some masses seen on the

Li Ka-shing

2005-03-08T17:31:00.000-08:00

Topping Asiaweek magazine's 2000 list of Asia's 50 most powerful people was Li Ka-shing, a billionaire who took “old economy” money and parlayed it into a “new economy” juggernaut. Nicknamed “Superman” by the regional media because of his uncanny ability to pull off a succession of profitable deals, Li inspired loyalty among stockholders, who had come to expect every Li-inspired

Permafrost

2005-03-08T04:31:00.000-08:00

The thickness and areal distribution of permafrost are directly affected by snow and vegetation cover, topography, bodies of water, the interior heat of the Earth, and the temperature of the atmosphere, as mentioned earlier.

Aedile

2005-03-07T14:48:00.000-08:00

Latin Aedilis, plural Aediles (from Latin aedes, “temple”), magistrate of ancient Rome who originally had charge of the temple and cult of Ceres. At first the aediles were two officials of the plebeians, created at the same time as the tribunes (494 BC), whose sanctity they shared. These magistrates were elected in the assembly of the plebeians. In 366 two curule (“higher”) aediles were created. These were at first patricians;

Arverni

2005-03-07T00:37:00.000-08:00

Ancient Celtic tribe inhabiting what is now the region of Auvergne, in central France; their chieftain Vercingetorix (q.v.) led a rebellion against Julius Caesar in 52 BC. Although rivalry between Arverni and Aedui for Gallic primacy weakened their coalition, the rebels were able to defeat Caesar at the Arverni capital, Gergovia (modern Gergovie), before Vercingetorix

Biblical Literature, Determination of the canon in the 4th century

2005-03-06T20:12:00.000-08:00

Athanasius, a 4th-century bishop of Alexandria and a significant theologian, delimited the canon and settled the strife between East and West. On a principle of inclusiveness, both Revelation and Hebrews (as part of the Pauline corpus) were accepted. The 27 books of the New Testament—and they only—were declared canonical. In the Greek churches there was still controversy

Mathematics, History Of, Elliptic functions

2005-03-06T14:01:00.000-08:00

The theory of functions of a complex variable was also being decisively reformulated. At the start of the 19th century, complex numbers were discussed from a quasi-philosophical standpoint by several French writers, notably Jean Robert Argand. A consensus emerged that complex numbers should be thought of as pairs of real numbers, with suitable rules for their addition

Oscillatoria

2005-03-06T11:14:00.000-08:00

Genus of blue-green algae found commonly in a variety of freshwater environments, including hot springs. This unbranched filamentous alga, occurring singly or in tangled mats, derives its name from its rhythmic oscillating motion, which is thought to result from a secretion of mucilage that pushes the filament away from the direction of excretion. Reproduction

Ucayali

2005-03-05T09:18:00.000-08:00

Departamento of eastern Peru (until 1980 part of Loreto department) spanning the upper and middle sections of the meandering Ucayali River, a principal tributary of the Amazon. Formerly a very isolated area of Peru, Ucayali department experienced rapid population growth (particularly at Pucallpa [q.v.], the departmental capital) after 1945 with the completion of a road system

Porringer

2005-03-04T19:50:00.000-08:00

A shallow, round bowl with one or two flat, horizontal handles set on opposite sides of the rim and, usually, a shallow lid. In recent usage, the word has also been used to refer to late 16th- and early 17th-century English silver vessels of cylindrical form with two vertical scroll handles. The precise purpose of porringers, or écuelles, as they are known in France, is in dispute;

Muir, John

2005-03-04T11:33:00.000-08:00

Muir emigrated from Scotland with his family to a farm near Portage, Wis., in 1849. After attending the University of Wisconsin, Madison, he worked on mechanical inventions,

Skate

2005-03-03T19:02:00.000-08:00

First production-model nuclear-powered attack submarine of the U.S. Navy. Launched and commissioned in 1957, it was similar to the first nuclear-powered submarine, the Nautilus, but smaller, displacing only 2,360 tons. Like the Nautilus, the Skate and the three other boats in its class incorporated nuclear propulsion into a streamlined “Guppy”-style hull that had been adapted

Peter Of Alcántara, Saint

2005-03-02T06:52:00.000-08:00

Of noble birth, he entered the Franciscan Order at Alcántara in 1515 and was ordained priest in 1524. As a friar, Peter emphasized the penitential aspects

Camaldolese

2005-03-02T02:09:00.000-08:00

Member of Congregation of Monk Hermits of Camaldoli an independent offshoot of the Benedictine order, founded about 1012 at Camaldoli near Arezzo, Italy, by St. Romuald as part of the monastic-reform movement of the 11th and 12th centuries. The order combined the solitary life of the hermit with an austere form of the common life of the monk. The monastery and the hermitage formed one unit. Beginners resided in the monastery; the

Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl Of, Baron Cooper Of Pawlett, Baron Ashley Of Wimborne St. Giles

2005-03-01T15:10:00.000-08:00

He was the eldest son of Cropley Cooper (a younger brother of the 5th Earl of Shaftesbury) and of Anne, daughter of the 4th Duke of Marlborough. He became Lord

Saarland

2005-03-01T00:52:00.000-08:00

A well-developed educational system includes a series of technical high schools and the University of the Saarland at Saarbrücken. Cultural institutions—including the City Theatre, Radio Saarland, and the Modern Gallery of Saarbrücken—draw support from both Germany and France. There are a dozen museums and galleries and a large number of singing, musical, and

Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis

2005-02-28T23:33:00.000-08:00

The seafloor spreading hypothesis was proposed

Valdosta

2005-02-27T23:01:00.000-08:00

City, seat (1860) of Lowndes county, southern Georgia, U.S., about 60 miles (100 km) northeast of Tallahassee, Florida. Troupville, the original town and county seat (1828, as Franklinville), was moved 4 miles (6 km) east in 1859 to the present site to be on the right-of-way of the area's first railroad. The new town was named for Georgia Governor George M. Troup's plantation, Val d'Osta (for the Italian region Valle

David D'angers, Pierre-jean

2005-02-27T19:08:00.000-08:00

The son of a carver, David went to Paris at age 17 with 11 francs in his pocket to study under Philippe-Laurent Roland. After a year and a half's struggle he received a small annuity from the municipality of Angers. In 1811 he won the Prix de Rome

African Games

2005-02-26T23:40:00.000-08:00

Also called Pan-African Games or All-Africa Games international athletics (track-and-field) competition sponsored by the International Association of Athletics Federations (IAAF) and contested by athletes representing the nations of Africa. The African Games were first held in 1965, in Brazzaville, Congo, and consisted of contests in athletic sports exclusively. Attempts to hold such African games date back to the

Lenclos, Ninon De

2005-02-26T10:12:00.000-08:00

From her father, Henri de Lenclos, sieur de La Douardière, she acquired a lasting interest in Epicurean philosophy. Although her father fled from France after killing a man in 1632, she remained in Paris and established there a salon that attracted a number of the most prominent literary and political figures of the age. Her

Interior Design, 19th and early 20th centuries in Europe

2005-02-25T07:32:00.000-08:00

Neoclassicism predominated in France till the rise of Napoleon, when to Roman styles were added Egyptian motifs from his Egyptian campaign of 1798. This was known in France as the Empire style, after the First Empire of France (1804–14), and in England as Regency, for the period (1811–20) when George III was too deranged to rule. Furniture design, for the most part light and graceful during the

Mohammed, Warith Deen

2005-02-25T03:21:00.000-08:00

The seventh son of Elijah Muhammad, the leader of the Nation of Islam, Mohammed was marked for leadership of the society even before his birth. The founder

Franceville

2005-02-24T19:36:00.000-08:00

Franceville is now an active trading centre in a mining region. The exploitation of manganese at Mouanda and uranium at Mounana, both to the northwest,

Wythe, George

2005-02-24T08:57:00.000-08:00

Admitted to the bar in 1746, Wythe was a member

Henríquez Ureña, Pedro

2005-02-23T10:13:00.000-08:00

Henríquez Ureña's father, a doctor, became president of the Dominican Republic, and his mother was a poet and teacher. After finishing

Qaeda, Al-

2005-02-23T06:18:00.000-08:00

Al-Qaeda began as a logistical network to support Muslims fighting against the Soviet Union during the Afghan War; members were recruited throughout the Islamic world. When the Soviets withdrew from Afghanistan in 1989, the organization dispersed but continued to oppose what its leaders

Busnois, Antoine

2005-02-22T19:08:00.000-08:00

Busnois entered the service of Charles the Bold (later duke of Burgundy) as a singer sometime before 1467. He traveled with Charles on his various campaigns, and after Charles's death in 1477, he remained a

North Germanic Languages, The emergence of Old Scandinavian, 6001500

2005-02-21T16:54:00.000-08:00

Inscriptions from the latter part of the Ancient period show North Germanic as a distinct dialect. Information about the earliest stages of the Old Scandinavian period is also derived from runic inscriptions, which became more abundant after the creation of the short runic futhark about AD 800. The expansion of Nordic peoples in the Viking Age (c. 750–1050) led to the establishment

Pacheco, Francisco

2005-02-21T11:24:00.000-08:00

Moving to Sevilla (Seville)

Hudud, Al-

2005-02-21T03:26:00.000-08:00

Singular Al-hadd, in the Druze religion, five cosmic principles that are emanations from God, the One. Al-Hakim, the 11th-century Fatimid caliph of Egypt deified by the Druzes, stands at the centre of the universe as the embodiment of the One. Hamzah ibn 'Ali, a contemporary of al-Hakim, systematized the Druze religion and presented himself as the direct human link to the One; he then established a hierarchy

Ibuse Masuji

2005-02-20T21:56:00.000-08:00

Ibuse was first interested in poetry and painting but was encouraged to write fiction when he entered Waseda University in 1918. His greatest popularity came after World War II, but he was already known in the 1930s for such

Rackham, Arthur

2005-02-20T17:49:00.000-08:00

Reared in London, Rackham enrolled in evening classes at the Lambeth School of Art in 1884 and spent seven years studying there while also working full-time in an insurance office. While a staff artist for a newspaper, the Westminster

Music

2005-02-19T23:39:00.000-08:00

Major pop artists Pink Floyd, the Eagles, the Rolling Stones, Barbra Streisand, and Billy Joel and Elton John (together) undertook tours in 1994, restoring the summer concert business to prosperity after several slow years. Pink Floyd toured in support of The Division Bell, the group's first studio album in seven years. Dramatic, sweeping, and laced with the sonorous guitar

Bent, Charles

2005-02-19T23:22:00.000-08:00

After moving from Charleston, Va., to Marietta, Ohio, in 1805, the Bent family settled in St. Louis the following year. Charles and his brother William developed an interest in the fur trade, and they probably worked for John

Seabury, Samuel

2005-02-18T18:52:00.000-08:00

Seabury was educated in medicine at Yale University and the University of Edinburgh. After he became a priest in 1753, he served parishes in New Brunswick, New Jersey, in Jamaica, New York, and in Westchester, New York; he also practiced

Margaret Maultasch

2005-02-18T08:42:00.000-08:00

The daughter of Henry, duke of Carinthia and count of Tirol, Margaret was married to the nine-year-old John Henry

Cincinnati

2005-02-18T02:51:00.000-08:00

City, seat of Hamilton county, southwestern Ohio, U.S. It lies along the Ohio River (bridged) opposite Covington and Newport, Kentucky, 15 miles (24 km) east of the Indiana border. Cincinnati is Ohio's third largest city, after Cleveland and Columbus. Picturesquely situated between the Little Miami and Great Miami rivers at their influx into the Ohio, it is encircled by hills rising

Aesthetics, Kant, Schiller, and Hegel

2005-02-17T04:59:00.000-08:00

As previously noted, Kant's Kritik der Urteilskraft introduced the first full account of aesthetic experience as a distinct exercise of rational mentality. The principal ingredients of Kant's work are the following: the antinomy of taste, the emphasis on the free play of the imagination, the theory of aesthetic experience as both free from concepts and disinterested,

China, The United Front against Japan

2005-02-16T19:24:00.000-08:00

Fearing that, if Chiang were killed, China would be plunged into renewed disorder, the nation clamoured for his release. The Soviet Union quickly denounced the captors and insisted that Chiang be freed (the Soviet Union needed a united China opposing Japan, its potential enemy on the east). The CCP leaders also decided that Chiang's release would serve China's interests

Dislocation

2005-02-16T09:16:00.000-08:00

Dislocations are caused by stresses forceful enough to overcome the resistance of the ligaments, muscles, and capsule that hold the joint in place. A dislocation is called simple when the joint surfaces are not exposed to the air; it is called compound when

Pagliero, Marcello

2005-02-16T07:14:00.000-08:00

Although born in England, Pagliero grew up in Italy, where he completed his formal education with a degree in jurisprudence. With a knowledge of English, Pagliero first worked as a translator of screenplays. During World War

Ashford

2005-02-15T06:28:00.000-08:00

Town and borough (district), administrative and historic county of Kent, England. It was established in 1974 from the former urban district of Ashford, rural districts of East and West Ashford, and the metropolitan borough and rural district of Tenterden. The old town of Ashford was granted a market in the 13th century that later became a stock market for the pastoral farms

Heisman, John

2005-02-14T17:58:00.000-08:00

In full John William Heisman U.S. collegiate gridiron football coach for 36 years and one of the greatest innovators of the game. He was responsible for legalizing the forward pass in 1906, and he originated the centre snap and the “hike,” or “hep,” count signals shouted by the quarterback in starting play. He was also the first coach to use the hidden ball play

Amphibian

2005-02-14T17:13:00.000-08:00

Any member of the class Amphibia, vertebrates distinguished by their ability to exploit both aquatic and terrestrial habitats. They include the frogs and toads, salamanders and newts, and caecilians. The name, derived from the Greek amphibios meaning “living a double life,” reflects this dual life strategy. Despite this distinction, however, some species are permanent

Beethoven, Ludwig, Van, Wider recognition

2005-02-13T17:21:00.000-08:00

In 1810 E.T.A. Hoffmann in Berlin produced an appreciation of the Fifth Symphony, which undoubtedly did much to launch that work on its triumphant career throughout the world and, above all, to interest the Romantics in its composer. The same year, Beethoven made the acquaintance of the writer Bettina Brentano, the sister of the German poet and novelist Clemens Brentano

Manaus

2005-02-13T14:47:00.000-08:00

City and river port, capital of Amazonas estado (“state”), northwestern Brazil. It lies along the north bank of the Negro River, 11 miles (18 km) above that river's influx into the Amazon River. Manaus is situated in the heart of the Amazon rainforest, 900 miles (1,450 km) inland from the Atlantic coast. The city, on a terrace overlooking the river, is traversed by several side channels called

Earth, Faulting

2005-02-12T08:50:00.000-08:00

Normal

'abd Al-mu'min

2005-02-12T04:33:00.000-08:00

In full 'Abd al-Mu'min ibn 'Ali Berber caliph of the Almohad dynasty (reigned 1130–63), who conquered the North African Maghrib from the Almoravids andbrought all the Berbers under one rule.

Empiricism

2005-02-11T13:40:00.000-08:00

Classic texts for Empiricism include John Locke, An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 2 vol. (1690); David Hume, A Treatise of Human Nature, book 1, pt. 1 (1739); Immanuel Kant, Kritik der reinen Vernunft (1781; Eng. trans., Critique of Pure Reason, 1929); and John Stuart Mill, A System of Logic, Ratiocinative and Inductive, books 1 and 2 (1843). W.H. Walsh, Reason and Experience (1947); and H.H. Price, Thinking and Experience, 2nd ed. (1969), are good general surveys. For a comprehensive selection of standard works from Locke to J.S. Mill, see A.J. Ayer and R. Winch (eds.), The British Empirical Philosophers (1952). Modern works in the Empiricist tradition include Bertrand Russell, Human Knowledge (1948); W.T. Stace, Theory of Knowledge and Existence (1932); Rudolf Carnap, Der logische Aufbau der Welt (1928; Eng. trans., The Logical Structure of the World, 1967); and A.J. Ayer, Language, Truth and Logic, 2nd ed. (1946), a short exposition of the extreme Empiricist position. Harold Morick (ed.), Challenges to Empiricism (1980), is a collection of essays.

Arago, François

2005-02-11T10:49:00.000-08:00

Arago was educated in Perpignan and at the

Brother Adam

2005-02-10T19:41:00.000-08:00

(KARL KEHRLE), German-born Benedictine monk and bee breeder (b. Aug. 3, 1898, Mittlebiberach, Ger.--d. Sept. 1, 1996, Buckfast, South Devon, Eng.), was regarded as an authority on bees for his revolutionary work, most notably the development of the Buckfast bee, a breed that was considered one of the hardiest and most prolific producers of honey ever bred. At the age of 11 he was sent from his home in Germany

Intelsat

2005-02-10T18:55:00.000-08:00

Abbreviation of International Telecommunications Satellite Organization, also called (1964–73) International Telecommunications Satellite Consortium, organization founded in 1964 by the telecommunication agencies of 18 nations, including the United States, which proposed the organization. Intelsat owns communications satellites and the ground stations from which they are controlled, but the transmitting and receiving apparatus in each country is owned by the Intelsat member from that country. Within several

Hypertrichosis

2005-02-09T22:21:00.000-08:00

Also called Hirsutism, excessive, abnormal hairiness that may be localized or cover the entire body. It is thought that hypertrichosis results either from persistence of the lanugo-vellus hairs covering the body of the fetus or from augmented development of hair follicles. Generalized hirsutism is a common side effect of hyperadrenal corticoidism (Cushing's disease) and has also been

SimpleGlass

Zafar

Henri Pittier National Park

Leo Ix, Saint

'arish, Al-

Arévalo Martínez, Rafael

Harai

Sinuiju

Wu Zhen

Alaska, Tourism

Esterhazy

Bone Conduction

France, History Of, The Vichy government

Swanson, Gloria

Kidnapping

Hanks, Tom

Arias Dávila, Pedro

Greek Religion, The Classical period

Carian Language

France, History Of, Louis XVIII, 181524

Bridgettine

Mindbody Dualism

Mercadante, Saverio

Switzerland, History

Xavier, Saint Francis

Magnoliales

Caucasian Languages

Wyandotte Constitution

Cabrera Infante, Guillermo

Wage And Salary

Vientiane

Barante, Amable-guillaume-prosper Brugière, Baron De

Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich

Cumali, Necati

Wells, David Ames

Tlaxcala

Olympic Games, Montreal, Canada, 1976

Bonds, Barry

Utkal Plains

Wolf, Rudolf

Utkal Plains

Quin, James

Alwar

Dye-transfer Process

Coleman, Bessie

Næstved

Aryballos

Permafrost, Ice wedges

Li Ka-shing

Permafrost

Aedile

Arverni

Biblical Literature, Determination of the canon in the 4th century

Mathematics, History Of, Elliptic functions

Oscillatoria

Ucayali

Porringer

Muir, John

Skate

Peter Of Alcántara, Saint

Camaldolese

Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 7th Earl Of, Baron Cooper Of Pawlett, Baron Ashley Of Wimborne St. Giles

Saarland

Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis

Valdosta

David D'angers, Pierre-jean

African Games

Lenclos, Ninon De

Interior Design, 19th and early 20th centuries in Europe

Mohammed, Warith Deen

Franceville

Wythe, George

Henríquez Ureña, Pedro

Qaeda, Al-

Busnois, Antoine

North Germanic Languages, The emergence of Old Scandinavian, 6001500

Pacheco, Francisco

Hudud, Al-

Ibuse Masuji

Rackham, Arthur

France, History Of, Louis XVIII, 181524

Mindbody Dualism

North Germanic Languages, The emergence of Old Scandinavian, 6001500